Cryptography is necessary when transmitting confidential information across a network. It helps prevent the compramize of data from attacks such as eavesdropping, active insertion, impersonnation, etc. There are two main types of cryptography used today: symmetric key cryptography, and public-key cryptography.
Symmetric key crytography uses ciphers to encrypt/decrypt messages. It requires both parties to use a common key. Therefore, the issue arrises of how to share the common key between the parties.
Public key encryption uses two keys: a public key which is publically available, and a private key, which is used to decrypt messages encoded using the public key. It is nearly impossible to determine the private key for any given public key. Because public key encryption is more computationally expensive, two parties will often exchange a symmetric key using public key encryption, and then continue to use symmetric key cryptography for the remainder of the secure session.
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